Sociocultural Theory Essay - 1633 Words

Within each culture and community there are different standards of beauty. These standards of beauty shape the way individuals see the world, others around them, and themselves. Though some beauty standards, such as physical appearance have been sustained. Through the lens of sociocultural theory, I will analyze how body dysmorphia has influenced three generations of women within my family. To aide my analysis, I will define and employ terms such as sociocultural theory, body image, and body dysmorphia to connect my family’s historical roots to body image and how it relates to their current perceptions and behaviors. Finally, I will utilize my grandmother’s, mother’s, and sister’s personal accounts of how body image was communicated to†¦show more content†¦This disorder affects men and women equally, and though the causes are not clearly understood, are thought to involve neurobiological and psychosocial factors. Psychological causes include oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s experience with body image messaging, making impressionable children and adolescents susceptible. Along with the powerful influence of a person’s family origin, such as children whose parents are obsessed with dieting, appearance, or are highly critical of others or their children’s looks. In this paper, I am focusing on the women within my family: my grandmother, my mother and my sister. Body image issues are independent of gender, but the topic seems to be more openly discussed amongst women, which is how I know it has personally effected all the women in my family. Their personal accounts from interviews conducted by myself reflect how body image was communicated to them as children, and show that message shaped their experience and values now. My Grandmother Dona Vivian Morris, who my family affectionately refers to as Mammie, is the matriarch of my mother’s family. When asked about her body image as an adolescent she said that she has always seen herself as overweight, partially because she grew up with four sisters whose slim body types did not resemble hers. Mammie remembers her mother would often disapproveShow MoreRelatedThe Sociocultural Theory Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages The sociocultural theory was developed by a theorist named Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was born in 1896 and was from the former Soviet Union. He was a psychologist who had an abundance of ideas and put them into many theories and writings. Although Vygotsky died from tuberculosis at the young age of thirty-eight, his most prominent work was done in a short period of ten years. When he died in 1934, the Soviet Union held most of his work and it was not until about 1960 that his work was translated intoRead MoreSociocultural Learning Theory Ess ay701 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Sociocultural Learning Theory. His quote that â€Å"through others we become ourselves† could be the quintessence of the Sociocultural Learning Theory, which supports that learning is a social process†. This article consists of three main sections: a brief overview of sociocultural approaches; an examination of sociocultural method; and an overview of sociocultural contributions to research and applications to classroom learning and teaching. It explains the differences between sociocultural theoriesRead MoreEssay on The Sociocultural Theory and I 1950 Words   |  8 PagesI could not be more wrong, especially if my actions are based on the sociocultural theory. This theory stresses how the interaction between people and the culture in which they live affect their thought process. This paper will describe and explain the theoretical aspect of the theory such as its major contributors, focus and explanation of how individuals behave, think and express their emotion under the social cultural theory. It will then conclude with an attempt to determine if my personalRead MoreEssay Sociocultural Theory: Lev Vygotsky1112 Words   |  5 PagesLev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist, bo rn November 17, 1896, who had a wide range of interests that included the cognitive and language development of children. Vygotsky’s theories are somewhat incomplete due to his death at the young age of 38 from tuberculosis. Vygotsky faced many struggles in life that he was able to overcome, such as being a young Jewish boy who grew up in a time where the Russian District limited the number of Jews who were allowed to be educated at a University levelRead MoreEssay on The Use of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory in Education1944 Words   |  8 Pagesuntil he was a junior in high school when Vygotsky had his first experience with public schools. Vygotsky was always an exceptional student who enjoyed spending his free time writing. By the time Vygotsky turned 18, he wrote and published his first essay entitled â€Å"Hamlet†. Although he had a love for philosophy, history, and literature, in 1913 Vygotsky enrolled at the University of Moscow as a medical studen t. It didn’t take long for him to realize the medical field wasn’t his calling, so he transferredRead MoreSociocultural Theory in Early Childhood Development Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesSociocultural is defined as relating to, or involving a combination of social (relating to human society) and cultural (taste in art and manners that are favored by a social group) factors.† (Socialcultural , 2010) You might ask why we are defining these words. It gives a better understanding of Vygotsky beliefs â€Å"that children seek out adults for interaction, beginning at birth, and that development occurs through these interactions.† (Morrison, 2009 sec 14.6) I agree that his theory is the bestRead MoreSociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning902 Words   |  4 PagesSociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning â€Å"Language is the most pervasive and powerful cultural artefact that humans possess to mediate their connection to the world, to each other, and to themselves† [Lantolf Thorne 2006:201]. The idea of mediation inherent in this notion of the language is a fundamental element of Sociocultural Theory [SCT], one of the most influential approach to learning and mental development since 1990s’, drawing on its origin from the work of soviet psychologistRead MoreSociocultural Approaches And The Construction Of Knowledge1650 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Sociocultural approaches emphasize the interdependence and individual processes in the construction of knowledge†.(John-Steiner,V and Mahn,H 1996).The real understanding of constructivism is only paying much attention on the learners’ previous experience and background knowledge .It maintains that individuals create or construct their own new understandings or knowledge through the interaction of what they alre ady believe and the ideas,events,and activities with which they come into contact.(FacultyRead MorePsychological Perspectives On Mental Health Disorders1728 Words   |  7 Pagesof the psychological perspectives are very different while others are similar and seem to overlap, it is important to note that there isn’t simply one correct perspective and that each of the perspectives has their strengths and weaknesses. In this essay I am going to look into the different psychological perspectives and how they offer us an understanding on behaviours that have an influence over our health I will however be primarily be focusing on mental health disorders. Although psychologicalRead MoreEssay on The Value of Play1370 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous theories of play and countless theorists, from Freud and Spencer to Piaget and Vygotsky, who have studied play in relation to what it is and what it does for the child. This essay will outline the definition and value of play an d the importance of how it can foster the child’s learning in regards to these theorists who studied the effects in great detail. It will discuss the how the environments constructed by educators can impact play and the theories of learning relating to the

Conflict Theory - 1217 Words

According to Conflict Theory, society is: †¢ A struggle for dominance among competing social groups (classes, genders, races, religions, etc.). When conflict theorists look at society, they see the social domination of subordinate groups through the power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups. In the conflict view, the most powerful members of dominant groups create the rules for success and opportunity in society, often denying subordinate groups such success and opportunities; this ensures that the powerful continue to monopolize power, privilege, and authority. You should note that most conflict theorists oppose this sort of coercion and favor a more equal social order. Some support a complete socioeconomic revolution†¦show more content†¦Highly-paid positions are not necessarily most important for society, they argue, but keep power in the hands of the privileged and powerful. Applications Education McLeod’s â€Å"Ain’t No Makin’ It† is a good example of conflict theory as applied to education. He argues that teachers treat lower-class kids like less competent students, placing them in lower â€Å"tracks† because they have generally had fewer opportunities to develop language, critical thinking, and social skills prior to entering school than middle and upper class kids. When placed in lower tracks, lower-class kids are trained for blue-collar jobs by an emphasis on obedience and following rules rather than autonomy, higher-order thinking, and self-expression. They point out that while private schools are expensive and generally reserved for the upper classes, public schools, especially those that serve the poor, are underfunded, understaffed, and growing worse. Schools are also powerful agents of socialization that can be used as tools for one group to exert power over others – for example, by demanding that all students learn English , schools are ensuring that English-speakers dominate students from non-English speaking backgrounds. Many conflict theorists argue, however, that schools can do little to reduce inequality without broader changes in society (e.g. creating a broader base of high-paying jobs or equalizing disparities in the tax base of communities).Show MoreRelatedConflict Theory And Social Learning Theory3171 Words   |  13 Pagesfor his family by getting a stable job and being a man that his mother and sister could rely upon. While the incident that occurred at Fruitvale Station could be analyzed from any variety of theories, this paper will examine these events from the lens of Conflict Theory and Social Learning Theory. These theories intertwine in many ways, but they also differ from each other in very important aspects. Fruitvale Station is a cinema depiction of a true story involving the death of Oscar Grant in a trainRead MoreThe Theory Of Culture : A Conflict View1946 Words   |  8 Pa gesbased ‘destructive doomsday’ cult who believed that evil space aliens called ‘Luciferians’ had kept people tied to the human level, and thus incapable of moving to the next level. The theory of culture: a conflict view states â€Å"some of the components of culture should be seen as a product of social tensions. Conflict theorists regard society and culture as being in a constant state of change, much of it caused by tension and competition among different groups. As a result, various groups will createRead MoreDo You Agree with Conflict Theory1126 Words   |  5 Pagesversus someone who is poor. This is what we call Conflict theory. How conflict theory is applied to our everyday lives can be seen through many different ideas brought about by these conflict theorists. Whether or not I agree or disagree with this theory, will be determined by the factors and situations that conflict theory has to show. Karl Marx, a philosopher, journalist, and revolutionary socialist, is considered the father of conflict theory. He pointed out the continuous competition for powerRead MoreConflict Theory Vs. Structural Functionalism978 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Theory vs. Structural Functionalism, this is like a fight between conservative and liberal. Structural Functionalism is a sociological theory that focuses on the structures of society and their functional significance (positive and negative consequences) for other structures (Ritzer, 2013). In another word, Structural Functionalism focuses on hierarchy, high position in the society. The theory is based on the belief that a person who held a high position like doctor or lawyer should getRead MoreConsensus and Conflict Theory Approaches to Combat Sexual Assault1491 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities, there are measures that can be taken to significantly reduce crime in general, but especially sex crimes. Conflict theorists see sex crimes as crimes of opportunity that are preventable if society takes the necessary steps (Sociology Guide.com, 2011). These violent acts depend on perpetrators catching victims alone or in vulnerable situations (Roberts, 1995). Conflict theorists focus on community involvement and education as the primary means to combat these crimes (Sociology Guide.comRead MoreThe Application of Social Conflict Theory to Football Essay example1843 Words   |  8 PagesThe Application of Social Conflict Theory to Football In the book entitled Out of Their League, David Meggyesy describes his life as a football player from high school through his days with the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). Born in 1941, Meggyesy was raised in a low-income household in Solon, Ohio. Like many athletes from impoverished backgrounds, he was able to use the game of football to better himself though both a full scholarship to Syracuse University and financialRead MoreConflict Resolution : Theory And Practice1854 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper explores how addressing vulnerability is one of the key factors in conflict resolution. I conducted my research by using three books: Daring Greatly: How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead by Brenà © Brown, The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice by Morton Deutsch, Peter T. Coleman and Eric C. Marcus and Difficult Conversations: How To Discuss What Matters Most by Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton and Sheila Heen. Each book differsRead MoreFunctionalism, Conflict Theory, And Symbolic Interactionism1183 Words   |  5 Pagestoday. In this paper I will first explain functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Secondly, I will explain the different causes of global poverty. Thirdly, I will collect my own data to explain poverty in one country. Finally, I will identify the idea of ethnocentric and culturally relative. First and foremost, there are three types of theories that can be applied to global poverty which are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. To start off with functionalismRead MoreConflict Styles With Face Negotiation Theory1022 Words   |  5 PagesConflict Styles With Face Negotiation Theory Introduction: In many aspects of our life, it is pervasive to work in a team. No matter in company, school, or another type of team it is necessary to be a part of a team and to achieve a team goal by corporations. People join a team with different personalities, goals, values, beliefs and needs. On the one hand, these differences can be a valuable quality of teams. On the other hand, these same differences inevitably lead to different levels of conflictsRead MoreTeam Conflict Development : Team Dynamics Theories1788 Words   |  8 Pagesconduct a literature review of team conflict development, team dynamics theories in support of conflict competence, and provide abilities to effectively diagnose and address conflicts as they arise Introduction on the background of the conflict management One of the major contributors to the study of conflict management is The Thomas–Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKIâ„ ¢). The instrument was created to a developed assist to help organizations in manger conflict. Thomas–Kilmann worked on this project

The Role of Information Technology Enterprises in Kosova

Question: Describe about The Role of Information Technology for Enterprises in Kosova. Answer: Executive summary In recent decades, there has been a vast expansion in technological capabilities that have resulted into changes in patterns of human communication. Advances in information technology have hugely impacted various industries resulting into structural transformations. Modern businesses cannot survive without the use of information technology(Berisha-Namani, 2009). Information revolution has also affected Media industry in a huge way. It has made the process of broadcasting information fast such that the information can be sent to the world in the flash of a second. New formats and channels have emerged in the field that has moved to video visuals, e-papers, animations and so on. The continual changes in the technological advances and their impacts on different cultures have dissolved the geographical barriers allowing businesses to be more interconnected to the world. With such capabilities provided by information technology to the media industry, if a media organization ignores the need of adoption of IT, it is unlikely to survive in the mid of technologically advanced business models in the world(Khattak, Nasir, Sultan, 2012). Introduction Fairfax Media is an Australia and New Zealand based company which performs the functions of media in various multiple platforms. It is a company which provides various services such as digital publishing, digital marketing, entertainment, etc. This company is well known for its quality content for more than 180 years. There are various newspapers named as The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Press, The Sunday Star-Times, etc. It is also associated with Macquarie Radio Network and an Entertainment Co, StreamCo. So, the analysis explains how the information technology affects the media field. IT Implementation in Media When an organization need to develop its IT systems, the process usually begins with the investigation of existing systems of the company. In this stage, first the opportunities for implementation of IT to attain business objectives would be identified and the appropriate system requirement would be recognized. Thereafter, a feasibility study is done in order to understand if the desired IT capabilities that are being planned for implementation and only after the project of IT system development is found viable can procurement and implementation begin. A major part of the work identification of functional requirements of an organization such that decisions can be made on development of appropriate systems for the organization. Based on these requirements decisions can be taken on deployment of IT systems. Various activities that have to be done for fulfilling these functional requirements would include understanding of costs, planning for development of IT infrastructure, designing, procurement of equipments, installation of systems and training of users on the new IT systems. An IT architecture for Media company can be built with consideration of three layers of IT that include business architecture that includes understanding of business needs , data models and flow diagram for processes, application architecture that includes software and other applications and technical architecture that includes hardware and other tools. The business model would explain processes that are to be captured by the IT system as well as the functional or business objectives that IT would be catering to such that decision can be taken on what applications to acquire. Use of IT in Media Information Technology is being widely used in Media Industry nowadays as the world is becoming digital. The uses of Information Technology in Media Industry are as follows: Journalism on Internet: It is obvious that many employees or workers who work for the whole day and hardly get the time to read the newspaper, Internet Journalism helps them by providing the news on internet only. Likewise, Fairfax Media is helping people by providing them these facilities. It also helps in reducing cost as it saves the cost of paper by delivering them news online which helps both producer and the consumer. Even there are many applications through which users do not need to even open the application for reading news, they just get notification for every breaking and latest news. Animation: Animation is done in media industry so that people who watch the news or some updates may enjoy it more with the help of visual effects that make it look attractive and interactive. So, animation also plays an important role in Media Industry. Saves Money: Since only few people buy newspaper nowadays, because they remain updated by more of internet and media. Therefore, it also helps in saving money to buy newspapers. Editing Softwares: There are lot of editing software which helps in printing the news or related articles in a better way and various features are provided by those software which also helps to perform the task rapidly and in a better way. Live Events: There are various types of events that take place almost daily and almost everywhere. Information Technology helps the event companies to advertise about their event and even provides the functionality to audience to book their tickets online or to know about the event in the detail by creating forums or groups on social media. Fairfax Media also organizes the life and media events. Advertising: Advertising is the important method for expanding the business. Advertising is done with the help of Information Technology which helps the users to know about the business. Fairfax media is also involved with advertising. Radio Network: One of the important source of media is Radio Network which broadcasts many details related to education, daily life, news, entertainment and much more. Earlier, people used to face difficulty in catching the signal of radio but Information Technology has greatly helped to erase this problem. Even, few companies provide the facility of internet radio i.e. radio can be accessible on the web also. Fairfax media has also its 54.5% share involved in ASX-listed Macquarie Radio Network which is operated in Sydney and Melbourne. Requirements of Information Technology in Media Hardware: Hardware is an important component which is required almost in every field. Hardware devices like computer, printers may be widely used in media field. Computers are used for managing the reports or news by editing them or creating them. Printers are required to publish that news in the newspapers, journals or other resource of the media. Software: software is also an important component because everything is done with the help of software whether updating the news, or writing the reports and news or adding animation effects to the news etc. Training: Proper training should be provided to the staff of media or editors about the software used in a company so that proper formatting and editing could be done and much of the time is not wasted in formatting the reports again and again. Social Media: Social Media is also one of the most important requirements as there are millions of people in the world who use the social media. So, social media helps in awaking the people about the importance of media. Usage of Information Technology by Media It is important to know who makes use of media and how. So, the people who makes of Information Technology in Media are described below: Editor: Editor is a person who is responsible for writing the various articles. So, he/she makes use of Information Technology for many purposes such as searching for the article on internet, writing the report, editing the report, uploading the article etc. Radio staff: Staff of radio also makes use of Information Technology to raise their voice to the public by making use of various recording softwares, jamming softwares etc. Users or Audience: Audience makes use of Information Technology to access the media and media resources. Benefits of bringing Information Technology in Media Reduced Effort: IT helps in the reducing the effort for media. For e.g., earlier, editors used to write the articles using pen and paper and then they used to type everything on typewriter. But the introduction of Information Technology has made it easier because they do not need to write on paper, they can just simply write in computers using various softwares which are optimized. Updated Society: Information Technology helps in making the society updated as media can be accessed anywhere at any time. No one has to wait for particular time to switch on the news channel or other media related channels as IT has made it easy for everyone. Digital marketing: Information Technology leads the Digital Marketing to grow more and more as media is highly involved with advertising and digital marketing as the world is becoming digital. Risks brought by Information Technology in Media Leakage of information on media/communication: As information technology has made the lives faster, so usually a information is broadcasted to everyone so rapidly that everyone gets to know about it in less than a minute which leads to leakage of information, usually fake information on media or communication. So, it is important to check that use of media is done properly. Piracy: Piracy is an act of obtaining or stealing the legal copyrights of a company. Piracy affects mainly the software, music, movie, gaming industries also. Therefore, media is highly affected by the Piracy attack on the legal information. Maintenance and Monitoring by Media It is important that media should monitor and maintain everything. Monitoring is an activity in which output of print, online and broadcast media are monitored and checked. In business field, media monitoring performs various functions such as systematic recording of radio and television broadcast, checking print clippings from various print media publications. Monitoring the online consumer resources such as blogs, social networks, articles and forums is known as buzz monitoring. Social media should also be monitored so that a particular company could know about its status and value by gathering positive or negative comments. Monitoring of media is usually done by high speed text scanners, video and audio recording, text recognition software, analysts etc. Automation of all these processes can be achieved with the help of data mining and machine learning methods. Recommendation It is recommended in this analysis of a media company that risks can be easily dealt with the proper monitoring of blogs, articles, and forums. Proper monitoring of radio and television broadcast must be done. To overcome this risks, various techniques such as data mining, sentimental mining, text mining and various machine learning methods can be applied. Conclusion This report explains about the use of Information Technology in the media company Fairfax Media. In this report, various aspects such as use of information technology, benefits of using information technology, usage of information technology, risks associated with IT, etc. are discussed. Bibliography Berisha-Namani, M. (2009). The Role of Information Technology in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Kosova . Fulbright Academy . Khattak, A. W., Nasir, M., Sultan, D. K. (2012). The Role of Information Technology in Media Industry. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 259-266.

Robinson Crusoe Essays (736 words) - English-language Films

Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, led a rather dramatic life, just like the character described in his novel. He had played various roles throughout his life. He used to be a successful merchant, though went out of business later. He published The True-Born Englishman, which was awarded by William III, and he also the author of The Short Way With The Dissentions, because of which he was sent to the court since the article ridicule the policy the government had taken towards the national church. When he was producing the novel Robinson Crusoe, he was already over sixty years of age. The novel was presented out of a real story of a seaman and it gained great popularity as soon as it was published. It goes beyond any literary codes or restrictions. Deniel Defoe with great independence of creativity made his novels a model of a completely new literary style and just because of this he was awarded as the father of the English and European novels. In the novel, Robinson Crusoe was a young Englishman with great interests in traveling in sea. He abandoned the peaceful life of his hometown village and went out to the sea. Unfortunately their ship was attacked by a storm. However Robinson was the only one who survived and was stuck on an island. In order to live on the deserted island, he cultivated small farmlands and raised animals with his own hands and wisdom. After he saved a savage, whom he names Friday and made him his slave, the small island was changed into a tiny society. Before he returned to his homeland he had stayed on the small island for twenty-eight years. Robinson Crusoe was the first novel, which describe the creative activity of human beings with a rather different method compared with many other novels of his time. Defoe regarded labor as a great motivation of the society and praised it with elaborate words. Although Robinson was lost in the island away from the society which he lived in, he still has the ability to work, to create, to make a living in the lonely island out of his own hands. And it was just this ability which made it possible for him to lead a quite comfortable life there. The crash of his boat and the death of his fellowmen mean that the world on which he used to depend on had ended, and he had to start from the beginning. The main problem Robinson was facing was to live, that is, to eat, drink, and get warm under the most severe conditions. With no ready-made tools and the help of other people, the only thing he could depend on was his own hands and wisdom. Robinson chose the best moment to swim to the shipwreck when the tides were down checking whether there were anything left that were not destroyed by the water and he could make use of. And then he made a raft with the wood on the sunken ship and loaded it with necessary food for life and also some guns in order to protect himself from the savages. However it was not an easy job to accomplish that. He finished it with several steps and each of them was a great challenge. There was one time he even almost made his raft up side down. For twelve times he went between the shore and the raft by jumping and swimming until the last piece of tools was safely carried to the raft. The new life began and gradually developed. First Robinson got things and foods readily from the nature and later on he began to grow things and raise animals. What's more, Robinson also dug caves in which he could live more comfortable and away from the rain and snow outside. At the same time he made chairs, tables and even poetry for cooking though he had failed numerous times. Robinson got a feeling through his hard work: No joy at a thing of so wan a nature way even to mine, when I found I had made an earthen pot that would bear the fire, and I had hardly patience to stay till they were cold, before I set one upon the fire again, with admirably well, and with a piece of a ----lid I made some very good broth, though, I wanted oatmeal. And several other ingredients requisite to make it so good as I would have Had it been. Robinson lived on

The Ugly Truth About Beauty Essays

The Ugly Truth About Beauty Essays The Ugly Truth About Beauty Paper The Ugly Truth About Beauty Paper M N Matthews, English 21A Section 1225 5 July 2011 The Ugly Truth about Beauty: Summary In the article entitled The Ugly truth about Beauty written by Dave Barry, Barry illustrates how women view differently about their appearance than men. Women have very unrealistic perspectives on beauty. Society and the media, encourages low self-esteem. Making beauty unattainable for women and causing adversely affects upon relationships. Women focus so much on their appearance to say â€Å"not good enough†, purchasing products from the beauty industry. In contrast, Men on the other hand do not spend as much time and effort on their appearance like women; they do not spend countless hours in the mirror trying to figure out why he doesn’t look like Brad Pitt. Instead men would find some way to bolster their self-esteem that doesn’t require the looks of Brad Pitt. However to keep in mind that Dave Barry†; A man has written the article, â€Å"The ugly Truth about Beauty†. Barry implies that women have low self-esteem, yet no matter how much you tell women how great she looks, in her perspective she will stand face to face in the mirror still conclude that something is missing about her appearance. But â€Å"just because WE’RE idiots, that does not mean YOU have to be†. To Agree or Not Yes I do agree with Barry’s assessment of why there are differences in the ways men and women view themselves. The Beauty Industry and the media is a great factor such as television. Celebrities are always on T. V. onstantly becoming a target of what’s next? Kids, men and women watch shows and at times pay close attention to them, wondering what their wearing ,trying to get a clue of what to wear and what not to wear. Media always find ways to a person mind through advertisements. T. V. ads promote clothes, beauty products implanting the idea that, â€Å"you need this product to age young† or â€Å"Have a great body for the summer with Nutri-system† ,â€Å"Turn heads with head and shoulders , New and Improved formula†. Advertisements from the media have a huge impact on men and women. They buy these products thinking that this is what they need to have a body like Jennifer Lopez or having firm skin like a new born baby. In conclusion Men and women have their own personal reasons why they feel the need to give in to the ad’s and purchase products because of what they promise to do. I feel that in some way women and men feel some type of insecurity based on what society and the media pitch, so they buy the products with the promising labels of how to look your best to fit in to the world.

Informacin detallada sobre el examen de ciudadana

Informacin detallada sobre el examen de ciudadana El examen de la ciudadanà ­a es el tercer paso paso convertirse en ciudadano estadounidense. Se inicia el proceso con el envà ­o al Servicio de Naturalizacià ³n e Inmigracià ³n (USCIS, siglas en inglà ©s) del formulario N-400 y el pago de las tasas correspondientes. En aproximadamente uno o dos meses, se recibe una cita para realizar las pruebas biomà ©tricas. Y unos cinco meses despuà ©s de haber iniciado el proceso, se cita al inmigrante para un examen. Entrevista para el examen para la naturalizacià ³n Se mantendr una conversacià ³n en inglà ©s con un oficial de inmigracià ³n sobre la aplicacià ³n enviada.Se recomienda llegar con tiempo a la entrevista. Al ser en un edificio federal, habr seguridad a la entrada y el proceso puede demorarse bastante tiempo. Si no puedes acudir a la cita con Inmigracià ³n por una causa grave, puedes intentar cambiar el dà ­a. Examen de inglà ©s El examen de ciudadanà ­a sobre conocimientos de inglà ©s tiene tres partes. La primera consiste en hablar en ese idioma con el oficial de inmigracià ³n que est manejando el caso. Es una conversacià ³n sencilla y el inglà ©s no tiene que ser perfecto, pero debe reconocerse como inglà ©s y ser suficiente como para comunicarse. En la segunda parte hay que demostrar que se puede leer en inglà ©s. Al inmigrante se le presenta un prrafo con tres frases en inglà ©s y debe ser capaz de leer al menos una. Cada frase es aproximadamente una là ­nea de larga. En la tercera parte, el oficial dictar una frase en inglà ©s que repetir hasta tres veces. Ejemplos reales son I love New York y America is the land of the free. Si el inmigrante no la escribe correctamente, se le dictarn dos frases ms. Si no es capaz de escribir correctamente ninguna de ellas, reprobar esta prueba. Se puede practicar este examen con ejemplos preparados por el USCIS o asistiendo a clases gratuitas para el examen de naturalizacià ³n que impartes diversas organizaciones en todo Estados Unidos. Existen dos excepciones a la obligacià ³n de hacer esta prueba. En primer lugar, estar exentas las personas que no està ©n en condiciones de realizar esta prueba por cuestiones de discapacidad fà ­sica o mental. Para beneficiarse de la excepcià ³n, estas personas debern presentar el formulario N-648 debidamente cumplimentado por un mà ©dico. En segundo lugar, si se reà ºnen los requisitos, no es necesario rendir el examen de inglà ©s y es posible responder en espaà ±ol a las preguntas sobre conocimientos cà ­vicos. Examen de ciudadanà ­a de conocimientos cà ­vicos Se trata de demostrar que el aspirante a ciudadano conoce mà ­nimamente la historia y la estructura polà ­tica de Estados Unidos. El USCIS ha confeccionado una lista de cien preguntas y el oficial de inmigracià ³n puede elegir diez de ellas y preguntrselas al inmigrante, quien deber contestar en inglà ©s correctamente un mà ­nimo de seis para pasar la prueba. Existen excepciones que pueden consultarse en el enlace anterior en el que se explica que no es necesario rendir el examen de inglà ©s. Ejemplo de pregunta tà ­pica del examen de ciudadanà ­a es: ¿cul es la capital del estado en el que vive? (Hay 50 posibles respuestas, depende de donde viva el inmigrante. Por ejemplo, en Nueva York la respuesta es Albany, en California es Sacramento y en Florida es Tallahassee. Esta es una pregunta donde los inmigrantes se equivocan frecuentemente ya que tienden a pensar que la ciudad ms grande del estado, como Ciudad de Nueva York, Los ngeles o Miami es la capital, y no siempre es asà ­. Una lista completa de las 100 preguntas y sus respuestas correctas puede ser consultada aquà ­. Recuerde que alguna de las preguntas puede tener varias respuestas vlidas. Lo mejor y recomendable es estudiar las respuestas preparadas por el USCIS y contestar una de ellas. Retrasos en la tramitacià ³n Si el USCIS se retrasa injustificadamente ms tiempo de lo que es habitual para este tipo de trmites entonces es posible demandar mediante un writ of madamus. Para ello es aconsejable siempre consultar con un abogado. Reprobar   Si no se pasa alguna de las tres pruebas -conversacià ³n, examen de inglà ©s o examen cà ­vico- el inmigrante tendr la oportunidad de intentarlo de nuevo, sà ³lo una vez ms, en un plazo mximo de tres meses. Denegacià ³n de la solicitud Si el rechazo fue porque la persona reprobà ³ el examen de inglà ©s o el de conocimientos cà ­vicos, una vez que crea que est preparado puede aplicar otra vez. Deber reiniciar todo el proceso desde cero, rellenando el formulario N-400, pagando las tasas y volviendo a realizar las pruebas biomà ©tricas de fotos y huellas digitales. Tips La entrevista y el examen en una sede del USCIS son frecuentemente grabados en una cmara de video. Eso quiere decir que siempre hay rà ©cord de las respuestas. Nunca se recomienda mentir a un oficial de inmigracià ³n, pero especialmente en estos casos. Ya que una mentira, de la que queda prueba grabada, podrà ­a anular en el futuro todo el proceso de naturalizacià ³n. Una vez finalizada la entrevista el inmigrante recibir un papel. En unas pocas ocasiones ya se le confirma que ha pasado el examen y que todo est listo para el juramento de la ciudadanà ­a. Pero lo ms frecuente es que simplemente diga que recibir por correo una respuesta. Si cambia de domicilio, recuerde que es su obligacià ³n notificarlo al USCIS. Es muy importante durante el proceso de naturalizacià ³n que las comunicaciones se reciban a tiempo. En la mayorà ­a de los casos en un plazo inferior a un mes se recibir una cita para ir a jurar. Ese papel contiene una serie de preguntas como si se ha salido del paà ­s desde la entrevista en Inmigracià ³n, si ha cambiado el estado civil por matrimonio, viudez o divorcio, si se ha cambiado el nombre o si se ha cometido algà ºn delito. Deber cumplimentarse y es muy importante llevarlo el dà ­a del juramento para convertirse en ciudadano. Una vez que se jura lealtad y fidelidad a los Estados Unidos se recibir un certificado de Naturalizacià ³n que no se puede ni enmarcar ni grapar y ya se puede solicitar por primera vez el pasaporte de EEUU. A partir del momento de la naturalizacià ³n el nuevo ciudadano nunca podr utilizar el pasaporte del paà ­s en el que nacià ³ para entrar o salir de Estados Unidos. Est absolutamente prohibido. Asimismo, a partir de momento en que se convierte en ciudadano puede registrarse para votar inmediatamente, sin tener que esperar a solicitar el pasaporte estadounidense. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que cuando una persona se convierte en ciudadano, automticamente convierte en ciudadanos a sus hijos residentes permanentes menores de 18 aà ±os que viven con à ©l o ella. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Discuss the benefits and environmental implications of applying Essay

Discuss the benefits and environmental implications of applying composts and other organic amendments to agricultural land - Essay Example These include sewage sludges, municipal solid wastes, urban yard refuses, food industry residues, wood processing wastes, and agricultural crop residues; these are produced in considerable quantities by the human community, particularly in urban, highly populated areas, state Senesi et al (1996). Besides their application to agricultural land after appropriate treatment, other alternatives for their disposal are incineration, land filling, and discharge to water bodies. However, the most environmentally safe and economically satisfactory solution is the application of composts and other organic amendments to agricultural land. â€Å"This choice also provides advantages which may result in soil fertility and agricultural production benefits† (Senesi et al, 1996, p.533). Organic wastes and residues of any nature require appropriate treatment before soil application. ... conomic benefits to agriculture, the measures to prevent adverse environmental outcomes, alternative options, and whether benefits outweigh negative effects will be examined. BENEFITS OF APPLYING COMPOSTS AND OTHER ORGANIC AMENDMENTS TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS The application of compost benefits the biological, chemical and physical properties of soil. Biologically, compost promotes the development of fauna and microflora, reduces plants’ susceptibility to attack by parasites, and supports the faster root development of plants. Chemically, compost has beneficial outcomes on soil in several ways. It â€Å"increases nutrient content, turns mineral substances in soil into forms available to plants, and regulates the addition of minerals to soil, particularly nitrogenous compounds† (EPA, 1994, p.87). Additionally, compost serves as a buffer in making minerals available to plants, and provides a source of micronutrients. Moreover, compost improves numerous physical characteristic s of the soil including the soil’s â€Å"texture, water retention capacity, infiltration, resistance to wind and water erosion, aeration capacity, and structural and temperature stability† (EPA, 1994, p.87). In Tigray Region of Ethiopia, the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development undertook since 1998 the production of compost as a part of its extension package. By 2007, at least 25% of the farmers were making and using compost. The success of this approach is emphasized by the doubling in the quantity of grain yield between 2003 and 2006, from 714 to 1,354 thousand tonnes. At the same time, since 1998, there has also been a steady decrease in the use of chemical fertiliser from 13.7 to 8.2 thousand tonnes (Asmelash, Araya, Egziabher et al, 2007, p.19). Other regions of Ethiopia are also promoting

Urban School District--Baltimore City Schools in MD Essay

Urban School District--Baltimore City Schools in MD - Essay Example This is because it encourages teachers to take control of their professional careers and improve their effectiveness. This effectiveness is enabled since teachers can now determine the pace at which they earn. Apart from school based programs, the other main attraction to both the teachers and the students towards Baltimore City School is its location. Being located in an urban area within the city of Baltimore; a city with beautiful attractions nice people and culture, makes it so affordable and interesting thus desirable for individuals to live in. Challenges that might be expected in Baltimore City Public School Considering the fact that Baltimore City Public School is an urban school, poses a great threat towards the school. This is because there are so many challenges associated with urban district schools. Some of these challenges include; Shortage of teachers, government oversight, politicized school boards, School staff accountability among others, funding for infrastructure. Some of the consequences that might result to affect the urban schools negatively when these problems are not solved in time include the following: Poor learning infrastructure such as classrooms might expose the student to harsh environmental conditions thus affecting their health, performance of the students might also deteriorate as a result of fewer teachers. This will be possible because the teachers might not be able to effectively manage a huge number of students. Teachers are also subjected to low earnings whenever students perform poorly thus reducing their morale when handling large classes of students (Richards & Farrell 78). How to address the challenges associated with the extreme urban district Some individuals have argued that treatment is better than cure. As in this case many will tend to agree with them. This is because the result of these challenges can be anticipated thus need for better preparation on how to handle them. For these measures to be handled speedily and without favor, it will require full involvement of every party which is at risk of being affected by these challenges. This is important not only because it will facilitate the speed of the work, but also because it will ensure that every individual is self motivated in order to achieve these goals. As for this case, one might involve both the teachers, students, parents and even government officials since all these people might be affected either directly or indirectly. For instance, the issue of teacher shortage can be addressed by requesting unattached teachers from the surrounding community to volunteer. On the other hand able parents can also be requested to finance these volunteering teachers. The pay cut on teachers’ salaries on account of poor performance by students can be handled by, calling on the government to look at it in perspective of teacher student ratio. It can also be handled by encouraging group discussion among students thus enhancing learning among students; this method can ease the teachers’ job since it will be easier to handle the groups compared to students. In order to solve any problem concerning schools, the school boards are always the key factors in their respective schools. As for the case of Baltimore City Public school, all the stakeholders are then expected to elect transparent

A Cream Cracker Essay Example for Free

A Cream Cracker Essay Despite these similarities and minor differences one of the major differences between the two plays is that mum has an accident and as a result from that dies later. In George mum has an accident and falls down the stairs. This moment is very symbolic. After the bird rein acts the sound of Davids mum falling down the stairs, David becomes greatly dismayed as he realises his mother was all alone, and left to die for three days. At this point Judy tries to shut out the bird, and in doing so the memory of his mother by covering the cage in a cloth. This shows Judy as being very controlling over David which is reinforced when she says dont be silly, darling. You were wonderful with her and that she simply couldnt have his mother stay in a house with them, which shows that that was taken into consideration but denied by Judy. In A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Doris actually chooses to die and the play leads up to this choice. When Doris chooses to die this moment is also very symbolic. Are you all right? No. Im all right. When the policeman came along she wanted to ask for help but decided in the end that she would rather die and have her time than go to Stafford House. Stafford House is greatly regarded by Doris as a place where You go daft there, theres nowhere else for you to go but daft. Throughout the play she has made the impression that she never wants to go to Stafford House and at the end we find out she would rather die. As well as the similarities in the plot the two women are very similar. Both characters are old, widowed women who require the need of visitors. Both women are of working class. The dialect of the characters reinforces this, Doriss accent is that of a Northerner and reflects Alan Bennett as he was a Northerner himself and uses it in his characters. The language is informal and colloquial: I never saw no list or Thems her leaves, she also swears mildly oh hell, the flaming buffet when recounting the circumstances of her accident, but later uses the even less offensive Oh stink. She speaks very direct. At the end her thoughts wander more and more to the past making it seem more like a stream of consciousness. However, in George the dialogue is by David, Judy and George. Therefore, we can only assume that mum spoke like George because of his characterisation. If this is the case then we can come to conclusions that mum was of working class because of the dialect and dialogue of George. Georges voice is that of an old woman, plaintively complaining about loneliness, poverty and coldness. The language is very colloquial and informal, as in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee. However, there are key differences in these women as in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee the focus of the play is on Doris as she reveals herself in monologue whereas in George the focus of the play seems to be more on the relationship between David and his mum. The other differences between the women are to do with the impression we get. We know more about Doris than we do about Mum but from the information and description through Davids dialogue we understand Doris to be more independent and dominant than Mum. We understand that Doris is independent because from the beginning of the play she wants to the dusting herself and does not believe that her home help are doing there job. Her attitude towards Zulema shows us that she is quite stubborn and just because Zulema said she had dusted everywhere Doris immediately looks around to try and find a patch that she hasnt dusted. At first we may question Zulemas abilities but we soon realise that she wouldnt have time to clean everywhere as she has other peoples houses to clean and cannot spend too much time on each. This explains why later on when Doris says, Zulema wont touch them. Says if I want leaves swept Ive to contact the Parks Department. This may seem like a small and not a time consuming job but if Zulema was to sweep Doris leaves then everybody who she visits might ask for their leaves swept and this would make Zulema behind schedule and might eventually lose her job. In both plays there is an interesting use of shifting perspective for the audience. David and Judy present Davids mother and her situation in one way and then we are given a different perspective on the situation by George. We understand this because David and Judy are trying to fool themselves to believe that they did all they could to help his mother and that he had been wonderful with her. However, from what we understand from George is that she was all alone and when she was cold there was no one there to help her with the heating. There is also an interesting shift of perspective in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee. Although, Doris isnt trying to fool herself in the same way, we also get a sense of a second story or different version of events as she comments on other characters and her relationship with them for example when she talks about Wilfred. When Doris is talking about when she lost the baby she regards Wilfred as someone who seemed as if he didnt really care and didnt want a child in the first place. However, we realise that he probably did want the baby and only suggested alternatives, he started talking about getting a dog, to try and make her happier. This could be why Doris obsession with cleaning may have started because she would have had something to occupy her time with. Her obsession may have started here because when the midwife called Doris stillborn son dirty Doris says, He wasnt dirty, little thing; she disagrees and would have been traumatised by the ordeal of losing her baby. One of the most interesting similarities between the plays is the way they use visual symbolism. In George there are a number of symbolic moments during the play. Two of the most symbolic moments are when Judy covers up the cage and when David rips the cover back off. When Judy covers up the cage it symbolises when David never visited his mum and it seemed as if he was covering her up and also because at the beginning they seemed to fool themselves into believing that they did all they could. Therefore, they were covering up the real reason why his mother died. When he rips the sheet off it suggests that he wants to try and make things right because David doesnt want to cover George up as he did to his mum. It almost seems as if he wants his mum back so he can make it right to her. In A Cream Cracker Under the Settee there are also many symbolic moments. One of which is when Doris cracks the photograph of her and Wilfred. Cracked the photo. Were cracked, Wilfred. This is symbolic because it has fallen from the wall as a result of Doris endless campaign against dust, and the glass has cracked. This represents the destructive nature of Doris cleaning mania, the loss of Wilfred and particularly, with Doris choice to die at the end, the end of marriage both in Doris memory and on life. The fact that she holds on to the picture throughout the monologue may also suggest she is unwilling to let go of the past. One of the major differences arises from the medium each play was written for. George was written to be performed on stage as a stage play. It is non-realistic and bizarre because if it was written for a television programme or something more realistic there would not be a mynah bird talking. Also, because on a stage of the living room the bird would be constantly in view so the audience could not forget about it or ignore it as David and Judy ignored his mother. A Cream Cracker Under the Settee was written for a television drama especially for the actress Thora Hird. The play is more naturalistic and uses convention just as much but it is more subtle and therefore, not as obvious as it is in George. The close-ups enable the viewers to recognise the facial expressions and feel what Doris feels. Although both plays are hard-hitting and involve a lot of impact at the end I think that George has more impact on me because it is revealed more slowly and is seen through the eyes of a mynah bird which makes it more surreal and the moment when David is arguing with George sets the play up for a visual and clear ending of Davids mum lying at the bottom of the stairs on the floor for three days. I think that this play has more impact because it isnt just about mum and the isolation she was in but also the relationship she had with her son and the fact that he neglected her and her needs. Although I find George has more impact people may disagree because it is a shock when we realise that Doris has chosen to die. It is a very tense and shocking moment.

Pop :: Essays Papers

Pop It is 6:59 in the morning on a nice fall day. The sun is out; the leaves have already begun falling and the temperature is in the mid 50s. It is Saturday and the weekend is already looking bright. A minute later there is an alarm clock blast and Richard quickly turns it off. His room is always cold but for some reason that’s the way he likes to sleep. It could be the middle of winter and he will have the fan on. He sits on the edge of his bed, puts his glasses on and stays there for a few minutes—patiently waiting for the cobwebs to leave his tired, aching head. Finally he gets up and gets dressed, putting on a pair of clean, faded jeans, a T-shirt and a zippered hooded sweater. Richard then proceeds to go downstairs to the kitchen, where his wife of 47 years, Vera, already has pot of coffee brewing. The strong, rich aroma has quickly enveloped the room. â€Å"Dick, did you sleep well last night?† Vera asks. As Richard reaches for the medicine cabinet, he re plies, â€Å"No, all night long my allergies felt like a locomotive was running through my head.† Richard starts swallowing some pills, some for his allergies and some for his diabetes, slightly throwing his head back with each pill as if to insure it would go down quickly. Richard talks to Vera for a few more minutes, small talk, nothing much. He is a man of few words. He walks outside to feed his horses. The air is crisp and as he strolls he can hear the crunching of leaves beneath his feet. In the barn, the sun is shining through the cracks in the roof. This makes him feel good and alive, knowing it is a great day to view the country on horseback. Richard comes back in the house, sits down at the kitchen counter and starts watching the news. â€Å"Hey Dick, do you want to wake Michael and ask him if he wants to go with us to Darrell’s for breakfast?† â€Å"Yeah, I’ll just finish my cup of coffee.† It is now close to 8 o’clock and Richard goes and wakes Michael and asks him. Michael replies, â€Å"No, Pop, I’m tired and I have a football game later.† As Michael is saying this, he reaches over to make sure his alarm clock is off, and as he does, his sleeve comes up on his arm, clearly showing a tattoo.

Employee development (ED) Essay

â€Å"The purpose of ED can be defined as developing human potential to assist organizations and individuals to achieve their objectives†. (Redman &Wilkinson, 2001 p.129). Since the impact of the globalization, the new positioning and competitive competences of the company will bring the HR department new challenges of finding effective career paths for their global employees. â€Å"A study conducted by the Global Leadership Institute shows a positive relationship between the level of employee internationalization and the organization’s Return on Assets.† (Black et al, 1999, p1). That’s why according to Black â€Å"an international assignment is the single most powerful experience in shaping the perspective and capabilities of effective global leaders†¦A global assignment play important roles in succession planning and leadership development; in coordination and control; and in technology, innovation, and information exchange and dissemination.† â€Å"According to a survey by the National Foreign Trade Council, the number of Americans working overseas, jumped 30% in 1995. Of the 74 companies the NFTC polled, 71% said they expect this growth to continue.† (Hayes et al, 1996) â€Å"However, somewhere between 25and 40 per cent of foreign assignments fail in US transnationals.† (Stonehouse et al, 2000,p.210). In fact, 20% to 48% of expatriates leave their companies within the first year of returning from an international assignment In a Business Horizons survey of 135 repatriated employees, only 39% felt their firm used their newly acquired skills; a meager 29% claimed that the assignments helped their careers. (Hayes et al, 1996). Such a failure is partly due to the mismatch between the organizational goals and personal goals, which is the main purpose of ED. Other reasons are: * Lack of training, this includes language and cross culture training. A recent survey conducted by Runzheimer International, found that only 42% of the 54 multinational companies polled had any formal training program for acculturating expatriates with their host country. (Hayes et al, 1996). * Family-related problems are perhaps the most important cause of failure amongst expatriates (Harvey, 1985). Such family problems include relating to the adaptation of both spouse and children to a new cultural and social environment. (Stonehouse et al, 2000,p.210) * Inadequate compensation (Stonehouse et al, 2000,p.210) * Feeling of loss of status resulting from working at the periphery. (Stonehouse et al, 2000,p.210) * Expatriates are often staying within the circle of the emigrant community, (Hayes et al, 1996) which reduces the chances to communicate with local culture and create a barrier between local people and them. * With international assignments becoming more commonplace, few companies are implying that there is any career advancement on the horizon for taking one†¦Many of the who have been on overseas assignments come back and move right back where they were (Hayes et al, 1996) Thus, make the employees think that their career path is stopped or blurred. In order to provide the employees a smooth international career development path, as well as to create an internationalized employees pool, organizations thus have to design a more systematic ED plan. This plan will include a clear definition of the international assignment, full training of the language and culture, effective expatriate policies, etc. For those MNCs with various employees come from different backgrounds, because of the culture impact, employees will have different views of career path. For example, in achievement-oriented corporation in western countries, young, promising managers are often sent on challenging assignment to faraway countries, whereas in ascribing cultures, older people, males, highly qualified persons are sent for those independent tasks or specific functions. (Trompenaars et al, 1998) Thus, organizations have to fully understand the career meaning to all of its employees and develop different career themes. References Stonehouse, G., Hamill, J., Campell, D., and Purdie,T., (2000) Global and transnational business: strategy and management, John Wiley&Sons, Ltd., UK Black, J.S., Gregersen, H., Mendenhall, M and Stroh,.L. (1999) ‘The Strategic Role of Global Assignment’, in Globalizing People Through International Assignments. London: Addison-Wesley. Pp. 1-31 Redman, T. and Wilkinson, A., (2001) Contemporary Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall Cassandra, H. (1996) â€Å"The intrigue of international assignments † in Black Enterprise, 26(10), pg. 98, NY Harvey, M.C. (1985) the executive family: an overlooked variable in international assignments, Columbia journal of world business, Spring. Tromenaars, F. and Turner, C.H (1998) Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business, Nicholas Brealey Publishing Ltd.,London

Consumer Decision Making Process for Purchasing Property in Spain Essay

This study has investigated the decision process of consumers purchasing property in Spain. The report focused on the underlying reasons for purchasing a property in Spain, the methods used by the purchaser to gather information and the overall satisfaction with the purchase process. The intention of the report was to link current theories on consumer purchasing behaviour to the purchase of property abroad. The methodology used was deductive research using a survey approach. The questionnaire was analysed by a means of Chi square and variable comparisons. The results were collected using a postal and an email questionnaire. The investigation revealed a clear link between the level of satisfaction of the purchase process and the level of information and advice sought. The report concluded that the majority of respondents from the questionnaire purchased their property abroad as a holiday home and purchased from an estate agent. The gathering of information and the seeking of advice was prevalent among most respondents; this was reflected in satisfaction levels and the overall purchase experience. The majority of consumers were overall, satisfied with their purchase. However, if given the opportunity to repeat the purchase, most stated they would change something about the process they followed. Many stated they would not use a Spanish agent again due to experiencing communication problems. This area gives scope for future research in order to establish why communication weaknesses are present in the supply of Spanish properties to British citizens.

A Significant Method of Mediating Conflicts among Multiple Parties

A Significant Method of Mediating Conflicts among Multiple Parties A Significant Method of Mediating Conflicts among Multiple Parties Abstract Since time immemorial, disputes occurred among different parties from various settings. People apply several method of resolving their disputes or conflicts. The disputes may appear either formal or informal. However, the method of conflict resolution selected in any kind of conflict resolution process largely affects how fast or slow a solution is obtained. Hence, in most conflict resolution processes, most individuals opt for mediation as a means of reaching a reasonable agreement. Thus, mediation refers to a process of resolving or intervening between two or more conflicting parties. In addition, it involves a third neutral party who takes no sides and only works with the facts presented by the conflicting parties to come to an acceptable conclusion. The aim of mediation includes bringing peace and understanding between the conflicting parties. Moreover, whatever agreement occurs at the end of the mediation process should suit the interests of either parties in one way or another. At least, each party should feel well accommodated by the final decision (Dyer, 2000). There exist different types of mediation that occur in the event of a certain conflict. The type of mediation selected by any mediator should occur relevant to the problem at hand. This tends to ease the entire process. One method of conflict resolution includes the facilitative mediation. In this type of mediation, resolutions come mainly from the disputing individuals rather than the mediator. In most cases, the mediator occurred as an uninformed party. This happened to avoid his or her indulgence in deciding a possible solution for the parties. In ancient times, this appeared as the sole method of resolving conflicts and there existed no attorneys. In this process, the mediator interrogates the parties at length. He or she ensures that the full interests of each individual are placed on the table. In addition, the mediation occurs in the presence of all the conflicting parties. Furthermore, the mediator possesses no hand in giving outcomes or judgments during the whole process. Another method of mediation includes the evaluative mediation In this type of mediation, settlement of disputes occurs in the presence of a judge or an attorney. The parties meet with the attorneys at different times in the whole process. Here, the role of the mediator who includes the attorney involves giving both informal and formal results of the conflict. In addition, he or she possesses an upper hand in deciding for the parties on the best way of coming to a lucrative conclusion. Moreover, the mediation occurs based on the legal rights of each individual. This method of mediation pays less attention to the interests or desires of the conflicting parties. It only works on legal grounds, different from the facilitative method where the interests of each party get aired out. In addition, in evaluative mediation, the parties meet with the attorney on separate occasions. The attorney involved in any mediation gets chosen with the help of the judge (Hope, 2009). Another type of mediation includes the transformative mediation. This occurs as the most current type of mediation among the three. It possesses some similar features with the facilitative mediation. In the transformative mediation process, the mediator works on empowering and transforming the individuals in question. Moreover, he or she ensures that the parties understand one anothers interests and well-being in the whole process. Before a conclusion occurs, the mediator ensures that a high level of understanding exists amongst the parties. Furthermore, different from the evaluative mediation, the parties involved in the conflict meet in a joint meeting with the mediator. This allows each party to air out their interests and problems in the presence of all the other members. The mediator also gets the opportunity of working with them in a better way. All the above-mentioned methods of mediating in conflicts possess different advantages and disadvantages. In transformative and facilitative methods of mediation, the benefit occurs that the conflicting individuals are empowered. Each party end up feeling accommodated in the whole processes. However, this method may take a longer duration in the process of reaching a lucrative agreement. Moreover, since the decisions come entirely from the parties, some of these decisions may appear bias. Thus, the process may not lead to a general solution to the problem. On the other hand, evaluative mediation helps the parties in getting either a solution or an answer to their problem. In addition, this process involves legal procedures where the legal rights of each party get considered at every point of the process. One disadvantage of this method includes the fact that the mediator makes all the decisions in the whole mediation process and this may lead to a false or incorrect solution to the problem. In a case, where multiple parties conflict happens as in the case of a jointly owned firm, the best method of mediation would be the evaluative way. In this case, an attorney or judge in separate meetings would hear the conflicting parties. The reason why this method occurs as the best one includes the fact that it involves legal procedures. In addition to that, since this case appears immensely complicated and sensitive, a central neutral party is required to oversee the way forward to attaining a solution. An attorney chosen by the judge for this particular case would suggest informal and formal recommendations concerning the outcome of the case (Spence Brogan, 2007). A conflict refers to a state of misunderstanding between two or more parties In conflicts, most people apply measures that suit their individual interests in the process of finding a solution. Therefore, it occurs fundamental to choose a lucrative method of solving the problem. Mediation occurs as the best way to find a solution for two or more conflicting parties. The type of mediation procedures may appear either formal or informal based on the nature of the case. In other cases, as the one mentioned in this essay, both formal and informal procedures may appear. The reason why the evaluative method of resolving this case occurs crucial includes the fact that the solution does not arise from either parties. In this case, each part requires a hearing of their individual interests. In addition, all the parties faced immense losses with the collapse of the firm. Thus, giving an open room for individual opinions would only drug the case. Hence, cause delays in reaching a solution. This method involves legal processes since the jury is involved in each process. Once the problems encounter a hearing and evaluation by the judge, an appropriate attorney is selected to handle the entire mediation process. He or she either works entirely on finding solutions or answers to the problem. Moreover, this method evades bias since the process puts into consideration the legal rights of each individual. This method appears as an effective way of solving the companys problem since it takes the shortest time possible to reach a conclusion. Each member together with their individual attorney meets the mediator in separate meetings. In case of a contradiction, the mediators bring all the members together to weigh out options, still putting into consideration their legal rights. The method of mediation that gets chosen in any case should suit the problem at hand. The duration taken to reach a conclusion entirely depends on the method of mediation used. Another factor that may largely affect the mediation process includes the effectiveness of the mediator. At times, an uninformed mediator may not possess the ability to help the parties in reaching a conclusion. Moreover, this may lead to a prolonged process of mediation. Thus, most people aspiring to mediate in conflicts should pursue the necessary training in order to sharpen their knowledge in this field (Berger, 2006). Another reason as to why training appears as a fundamental factor for mediators includes the fact that a mediation process involves strong feelings. As such, a mediator may require the rightful skill on how to handle these feelings in the process of mediation. In addition, further training in the same field occurs crucial since there is no limit to the kinds of conflicts that a mediator may need to deal with at any given time. In conclusion, mediation refers to a process of intervening between two or more conflicting parties in order to reach a lucrative solution. In mediation, a third neutral party occurs to help in finding a peaceful conclusion to the problem. There exist three main types of mediation used in conflict resolution. Each type of mediation applies the particular types conflicts. The three main types of mediation include evaluative mediation, transformative mediation and facilitative mediation. Transformative and evaluative kinds of mediation possess similar characteristics in that both of them involve the conflicting parties in reaching a conclusion. The evaluative method of mediation involves legal actions where the conflicting parties employ an attorney each to help in finding a solution. In addition, the mediator in this case considers the legal rights of each individual and helps them achieve either solutions or answers to their problems (Hope, 2009). For the case that occurred in the essay, where a conflict occurred among multiple owners of a firm, the best method of mediation would be the evaluative method. This method occurs crucial due to the sensitivity of the case, thus, legal procedures should be implemented in order to avoid cases of bias or prolonged cases.

George W. Bush Biography

George W. Bush Biography George Bushs Childhood and Education: Born on July 6, 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut, George W. Bush is the oldest son of George H. W. and Barbara Pierce Bush. He grew up in Texas from the age of two. He came from a familial political tradition as his grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator, and his father was the forty-first president. Bush attended Phillips Academy in Massachusetts and then went on to Yale, graduating in 1968. He considered himself an average student. After serving in the National Guard, he went to Harvard Business School. Family Ties: Bush has three brothers and one sister: Jeb, Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy respectively. On November 5, 1977, Bush married Laura Welch. Together they had twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara.   Career Before the Presidency: After graduating from Yale, Bush spent a little less than six years in the Texas Air National Guard. He left the military to go to Harvard Business School. After getting his MBA, he started working in the oil industry in Texas. He helped his father campaign for the presidency in 1988. Then in 1989, he purchased part of the Texas Rangers baseball team. From 1995-2000, Bush served as the Governor of Texas. Becoming the President: The 2000 election was highly contentious. Bush ran against Democratic President  Bill Clintons vice president, Al Gore. The popular vote was won by Gore-Lieberman who carried 543,816 votes. However, the electoral vote was won by Bush-Cheney by 5 votes. In the end, they carried 371 electoral votes, one more than is necessary to win the election. The last time the president won the electoral vote without winning the popular vote was in 1888. Because of the controversy over the recount in Florida, the Gore campaign sued to have a manual recount. It went to the US Supreme Court and it was decided that the count in Florida was accurate. Therefore, Bush became President.   2004 Election: George Bush ran for reelection against Senator John Kerry. The election centered on how each would deal with terrorism and the war in Iraq. In the end, Bush won a little over 50% of the popular vote and 286 out of 538 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments of George Bush’s Presidency: Bush took office in March 2001 and by September 11, 2001, the whole world was focused on New York City and the Pentagon with the attacks by Al-Qaeda operatives that resulted in the deaths of over 2,900 people. This event changed Bushs presidency forever. Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan and the overthrow of the Taliban which had been harboring Al-Qaeda training camps.In a very controversial move, Bush also declared war on Saddam Hussein and Iraq for the fear that they were hiding Weapons of Mass Destruction. America went to war with a coalition of twenty countries to enforce UN disarmament resolutions. It was later determined that he was not stockpiling them within the country. US forces took Baghdad and occupied Iraq. Hussein was captured in 2003.   An important education act passed while Bush was president was the No Child Left Behind Act meant to improve public schools. He found an unlikely partner to push forward the bill in Democrat Ted Kennedy. On January 14, 2004 the Space Shuttle Columbia exploded killing all on board. In the wake of this, Bush announced a new plan for NASA and space exploration including sending people back to the moon by 2018. Events that occurred at the end of his term that had no real resolution included continuing hostilities between Palestine and Israel, worldwide terrorism, the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, and issues surrounding illegal immigrants in America.   Career After the Presidency:   Since leaving the presidency George W. Bush withdrew from a time from public life, focusing on painting. He avoided partisan politics, making sure not to comment on President Barack Obamas decisions. He has written a memoir. He has also teamed up with President BIll Clinton to help victims of Haiti after the Haitian earthquake in 2010.

Grover Cleveland's Illegitimate Child Scanal Essay

Grover Cleveland's Illegitimate Child Scanal - Essay Example Hunter was a film-making staffer in his office. A comparison between the handling of the Cleveland’s case and the latter two cases reveals the significant transformation of America from a classical society that attempted to suppress such scandals to an open one in which guilty perpetrators are willing to admit their past mistakes publicly and show a sense of responsibility. This paper explores the impacts Cleveland’s illegitimate child scandal and the public response to such cases. Challenges of fighting sex scandals The US is better off in terms of surviving such scandals among political leaders (Wiid, Pitt and Engstrom 138). This is partly because the women, particularly those whose husbands have been caught up in these lies, are living testimonies of the historical female abuse in marriage relationships. In light of the long-standing challenges facing women, most of them tend to see child scandals as normal. As such, the problem has become so widespread among the pol itical elite that surviving them is relatively easy; especially once the media has directed extensive media coverage to other important issues affecting the society (Feschuk 85). Chotiner (5) has pointed out that prominent politicians have been at the forefront of these scandals, people who command huge following and admiration from the public. In light of this, these scandals have been misconstrued to mean private life events that have very little, if any bearing on the quality of services that the public is entitled to. This lack of concern on the part of the American public not only shows hypocrisy, it has resulted in repeated cases of child scandals by key leaders in the country (Berinsky et al 177). The repetitiveness of such cases affecting elected leaders has earned them some level of acceptance within the public domain, since forcing such leaders out of office has not been as easy as handling the conduct of the bureaucracy within government circles. Part of the issues that h ave aggravated such scandals by making the American public have a less serious approach to weeding out the perpetrators from public service is the effectiveness of some of the individuals in discharging their mandate (Chotiner 6). Most Americans would rather have an honest, apologetic political leader whose name has been tarnished by a child scandal, with an exemplary performance record to remain in office for the rest of his or her term than spend more time and resources replacing him. America survived Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, partly on this reasoning (Greenberg 52). Barring guilty would-be leaders from office Despite the virtual failure to bring all pre-existing holders of political offices to book over sex and illegitimate child scandals, most of the guilty would-be leaders have been successfully barred from holding public office. Senator John Edwards was a potential candidate for the vice-President of the United States five years ago, but was forced to abandon the race (Wiid, P itt, and Engstrom 141).  The leader’s ‘love child’ affair dented his image and leadership qualities when he misled his wife, and the country about the issue. Former South Carolina governor Mark Sanford was forced to call it quits in 2011 over a similar scandal.  His vocations in Argentina, it later emerged, were a scandal in which he admitted to using public funds to entertain his mistress. However, he has

Overview and Discuss the Current Trends in Web Development Essay

Overview and Discuss the Current Trends in Web Development - Essay Example It is predicted that there would be larger demands for single websites that would be capable of supporting both desktop computers as well as mobile instruments. For years, there have been websites serving for the computers and the mobiles separately. However, with recent development it is expected that there would be uniformity in the web designs enabling them to serve both for the computers and the mobile devices. At the same time, there would be greater need for security since simplified sign up processes would be involved in the further web developments. It is also predicted that customization of content of marketing would be supported through big data in the recent developments of the web (Scaglione, 2013). Mobiles are the latest trends in use. Considering the new developments in the web, it is predicted and expected that several simple sites would be developed through designs that are heavy in texture. Responsive and adaptive sites would be in an increase. The current trends are expected to mature in the near future. A new world would be entered into with the development of new and powerful browsers and HTML5, CSS3, and jQueries. These trends have been more focused in the recent times considering the fact that the mobile devices have become highly advanced easily available for use by individuals. Two major developments that are expected to largely influence the development of the web in the recent times and in the future are: Shift of companies to the SaaS and cloud model, and to the personalization and depending on technological intelligence for behavior of the user as well as the device; Development of the applications of the mobile devices (Scaglione, 2013). The year 2012 was expected to encounter certain hardships in terms of the economic difficulties and the web industry was found to struggle through such hardships as it tried to develop through censorship, indigenous applications, and the technology that was not only rapid in its nature but also frag mented. However the predictions for the year 2013 reflect change in the designs and hence shift to newer designs and development. Thus usage of the devices, as well as adjustments of the consumption of the web is considered for shifts to new developments (Grannell, 2013). Open source tools and applications have been obtained to be highly beneficial for web development as they are capable of being used as alternatives for web designs considering the budgets for such development in the present times. There are several open source applications that are free and also have features that may be compared to the ones offered by expensive web designs. Thus, this enables a web designer to have all the necessary tools and applications without much expenditure (Jones, 2009). The present study would discuss on some of the open sources web development tools that include HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, AngularJS, ASP.Net, jQuery, AJAX, Web Content Management Systems, WebApps, WYSIWYG, and Search Engine O ptimizations. The study would also have an overview on some of the closed sources as

London Ambulance Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

London Ambulance Service - Essay Example There are seventy ambulances, which serves the entire region of London. The trust is under the jurisdiction of the NHS. The NHS board meets after a period of two months to deliberate on the way forward for the trust. The board consists of a non-executive chairperson, five executive directors, and seven non-executive directors making thirteen board members. The LAS has a long history that dates way back in the 1960’s. The trust has weathered hard times to become one of the most reputable ambulance services in the world. Its formation was facilitated by the 1946 National Health services Act, which provided that ambulances were to be availed to any individual that required their services. Nine ambulance services merged in London and formed the LAS in 1965. Adjustments were made by the NHS, which resulted to the moving of LAS from the Local Government to South West Thames Regional Health Authority. It would later become a NHS trust in 1996 when the authority of South West Thames Regional Health Authority was eliminated (London Ambulance Service 2014). The operations of LAS cover a distance of up to 620 square miles. The region of operation ranges from Enfield to the north to Purley to the south while on the western is Heathrow and Upminster to the east. Seventy ambulance stations are spread across the entire region with four main headquarters at Waterloo road, Pocock Street, Loman street, Fielden House, and Bow. The trust provides an array of medical emergencies, which includes; provision of emergency responses, response to less serious calls, providing a clean environment for patient service, they do take patients for hospital appointments, they deal with major incidences, they help in finding hospital beds while making the experience of the patient to count. The services provided by London Ambulance Services stands out as a merit good. A merit good is one that the market underprovides and the forces therein do not affect the

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member Essay Example for Free

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member Essay The Presbyterian Church was founded during the 16th century during the Protest Reformation. Much of the teachings and philosophies began with John Calvin (1509-1564). Currently, the Presbyterian Church (USA), is based in Louisville, Kentucky and has about 2. 4 million members belonging to 11,100 congregations. The church also has about 14,000 ordained and active ministers. The Presbyterian Church belongs to the Presbyterian family of Churches which also includes the Reformed churches synonymous with the Calvinist tradition. In the U. S. A. , the first church was organized in 1706 and the first general assembly in 1789. The church as it stands today was the result of the reunification of the two main branches of the Presbyterian Church separated since the Civil War. The church has membership in all fifty states and Puerto Rico. 1) What sacraments do you celebrate? What rituals do you perform? Our church primarily believes in two sacraments – the sacrament of baptism and the sacrament of communion. These are the only sacraments mentioned in the Bible. The only rituals performed are baptism for newborns and for those who newly converted to the Presbyterian Church’ faith. We have no rituals, other than attending a Sunday service performed by a minister in the church structure by congregation. We celebrate our faith through singing oftentimes accompanied by the choir and a sermon delivered by the minister. 2) What are some of your most common traditions? The Presbyterian Church still practices what was started and rooted in the Bible’s teachings. We do have a general assembly that outlines our mission and goals for specific activities that the church members will undertake for a specified period of time. We abide by the decisions passed during the general assembly. We do missions inside and outside the country, more specifically in East Asia, Africa and other continents – wherever our mandates take us. We basically do preaching, teaching and healing – following Christ when he advocated for the poor, the hungry and the oppressed. 3) What beliefs distinguish your denomination from others? The Presbyterian Church (U. S. A. ) is distinctly a confessional and a connectional church, distinguished by the representation of elders-laymen and laywomen-in its government. Our church is also distinct in adhering to a separate religious thought known as Reformed Theology and a more â€Å"democratic† and representational church leadership that is now known as the General Assembly. 4) How was your church founded? Approximately twenty years after martin Luther King posted his list of 95 grievances on a Roman Catholic Church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517, a French/Swiss theologian name John Calvin refined the reformers’ manner and way of thinking about God and humankind’s relationship with God. This refined way of thinking became the basis for the foundation of the Presbyterian Church. 5) Who is the head of your church? The General Assembly meets and outlines the specific activities and guidelines for all its congregations to follow. The General Assembly consists of elders chosen by the people. The word Presbyterian means â€Å"elder† in Greek. The chosen elders exercise leadership, government, discipline and have responsibilities for the duration of the congregation. The body of elders elected to govern a particular congregation is called a session. According to the Book of Order G-6. 0302: â€Å"When elected commissioners to higher governing bodies, elders participate and vote with the same authority as ministers of the Word and Sacrament, and they are eligible for any office†¦The session is the smallest, most local governing body. The other governing bodies are presbyteries, which are composed of several churches; synods, which are composed of several presbyteries; and the General Assembly, which represents the entire denomination. Elders and ministers who serve on these governing bodies are also called presbyters. † 6) What is the role of women in your church? The Presbyterian Church adheres to the equal sharing of servitude as well as leadership to women. Women can serve as elders, deacons and head of committees. The first ordination women elders occurred in 1962 and the first ordained women ministers began as early as 1965. 7) Have you been a life-long member of your church? If you converted, can you tell me why? I was born to conservative Catholic parents. I was baptized as a Catholic but while in College, I joined a social service organization that provides services to the marginalized people in the rural areas. That was when I met a friend who introduced me to the Presbyterian way of â€Å"reformed thinking†. From then on, I closely read the Bible and everything that was taught to me since I was born, like John Calvin, I began to question. More discussions with my friend made me a convert. 8) What happens during a typical worship service? There are similarities and differences between a Catholic service and the Presbyterian worship service. The Catholic Church has prescribed a set of ceremony that begins when a priest would enter the church with his assistants or what we call altar boys. There is a set book of sermon that the priest goes over. There is also a time for communion. But in the Presbyterian Church worship service; there is more open discussion of the scriptures. The minister can provide insights and there is a more joyful environment to worship God and his teachings. The ambience is so much different. Presbyterian Church members sing their praise to God. There is no â€Å"nagging† ceremony and no confessional to attend to before partaking of the â€Å"Body of Christ†. A Sunday worship is determined by the pastor, and the session, the church’s governing body. It usually includes a combination of prayer, music, Bible reading and a sermon based upon scripture. There is also a personal response and offering and community concerns are shared as part of the worship process. 9) Do you believe those from other faiths can have salvation, or go to heaven? Yes, it is possible. John Calvin believed in predestination. We chose God because he chose us first. Hence, we cannot judge who among us will be saved or who will go to heaven because that is a judgment reserved for God only. He alone knows who will be saved. 10) What are your views of the afterlife? I believe that there is life after death but only by the grace of God and through faith. 11) How does your faith interpret the Bible? For Presbyterians, the Bible is the means by which we, as Christians can come to understand the presence of God since the beginning of time. By understanding and learning the scriptures, we can then know of God’s love, eternal goodness and constant forgiveness of our sins. 12) How often does the church call upon you to pray? How often do you pray each day? The church exhorts church members and believers to pray as much as we can – either by praying aloud, in community with others or as much as we need to. It basically depends how much an individual’s needs. 13) What does the Presbyterian seal mean or symbolize? The church seal is the symbol of the church heritage, identity and its mission. The symbols embedded in the seal are the cross, Scripture, dove and the flames. The more prominent symbol in the seal is the cross. It represents the love of God through Jesus Christ, through his sacrifice and resurrection. 14) What are your views on abortion, alcohol, and capital punishment? The 217th General Assembly of the church clarified the position on problem pregnancies and abortion. The position paper basically states that the matter of abortion is ultimately the woman’s decision. The church though appeals to all members of the church to surround problematic women contemplating decision on a problematic pregnancy with love and support. The church clarified further that on matters of health concerns that is complicated by pregnancy; they encourage the safe delivery of both the mother and the child (during late term pregnancies). With regards alcohol consumption, the general assembly of the church â€Å"does not advocate the prohibition of alcohol, a policy which would appear to attribute the entire problem to alcohol itself. Responsible and non-problematic uses of alcohol have been part of human experience and the Judeo-Christian heritage since the beginning of recorded history†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; however, the church advocates voluntary abstinence from alcohol consumption. With regards the issue of capital punishment, the most recent statement in 1985 reaffirmed the church’s position on its continuing opposition to capital punishment. 15) What are your views on sin and do you believe that God punishes humans for sins they commit? Humans are born to err and sin. But the God that I know is not vengeful. God is a forgiving God that bestows forgiveness even to those who err in their ways. The repercussions of our actions or sins on earth are enough punishment for us humans. As a conclusion give a paragraph reflection of the denomination as well as a contrast/ comparison between this denomination and Catholicism. In conclusion, the Presbyterian Church as â€Å"refined† by the studies of John Calvin deviated and differed from the Catholic Church in a lot of ways. These are as follows: 1. Presbyterians do not have a single head of Church. We do not have a pope. We have a congregation or assembly of elders whom our communities of members have chosen. 2. We do confessions by ourselves and believe that through the grace of God, and through submission of our confessions to God, we are forgiven. The Catholic Church requires confession of an individual to a priest. 3. Women are treated as equals and can be equally ordained as ministers and chosen as an elder. 4. The interpretation of the Bible is not â€Å"mystically† interpreted but through careful analysis and through scholarly studies. 5. Prayer and worship is done either individually or in community with other Presbyterian Church members – in joyful celebration of the grace and love of God. Works Cited: [1] Presbyterian Church website (USA) http://www.pcusa.org/

Gain Sharing :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Gain Sharing Employers are often faced with the challenge of looking for ways to boost productivity and profitability while at the same time, motivating employees to accomplish organizational goals. For many employers, variable pay plans have risen to meet this challenge. A variable pay plan ties pay increases to increased performance and productivity. One of the more popular group variable pay plans is called gain sharing. Under gain sharing pay programs, both the employer and the employee benefit from increased productivity. Therefore, gain sharing has often been referred to as a win-win pay program since it is an incentive strategy that ties pay to productivity. Gain sharing is a type of incentive plan designed to increase productivity by linking pay directly to specific improvements in a company’s performance. Gain sharing is used primarily when quantitative levels of production are important measures of business success. Gains are shared with unit/department employees on a monthly, qu arterly, semiannual or annual basis according to some predetermined formula calculated on the value of gains of production over labor and other costs. The plan lets employees reap some of the rewards of their efforts through teamwork and cooperation and by working smarter and harder. Gain sharing plans offer the following:  · Directly ties pay to some important measure of company performance  · Results in productivity improvements when installed  · Appropriate for all groups of employees  · Improves communications and teamwork among employees  · Increases employee awareness of "the big picture"  · Improves job satisfaction and employee relations  · Increases employee participation through involvement in the system Gain sharing pay programs have the following disadvantages:  · Time consuming to design, implement and administer  · Requires employee orientation, education and training  · Accurate and timely production and cost data must be available  · If not already in place, gain sharing requires a shift to participative management and employee involvement Once you decide to add a gain sharing plan to your company you must pick the type of plan you wish to implement into your company. The following is a description of different types of plans a company could implement. A Value Added Plan is the cost of materials and services is subtracted from sales to determine a value added figure. Employee costs are then compared to this figure to arrive at a value added index. This index is compared to value added for future periods to determine if there has been an improvement in productivity. To the extent that employee costs are less than would be the case by applying a value added index to a value added, there is a productivity gain to be shared.